The Nucleus is the largest organelle, features include:
- Nuclear Envelope - two membranes with fluid
between them
- Nuclear Pores - holes that go right through the
envelope
- This allows relative large molecules to pass
through
- Nucleolus - a dense, spherical structure
The nucleus contains almost all of the cell's genetic material. The DNA contains instructions for making proteins. Some of these proteins regulate cell activity.
The nucleus also makes RNA and Ribosomes
A-Level Biology
Wednesday 27 March 2013
Monday 25 March 2013
Linear Magnification
How to calculate the linear magnification of an image:
It may be easier to remember the equation as: AIM or I AM
The magnification is not measured in anything e.g. If the magnification is 1500 just write: x1500
It may be easier to remember the equation as: AIM or I AM
The magnification is not measured in anything e.g. If the magnification is 1500 just write: x1500
Friday 22 March 2013
Staining
A lot of biological material is not coloured, and therefore need to be stained in order to view the details of it.
Staining refers to any process that helps to reveal or distinguish different features.
In light microscopy, they may be dyes. In electron microscopy, they are metal particles or metal salts.
Tuesday 19 March 2013
Magnification and Resolution
Magnification: The degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object itself
Resolution: The ability to distinguish two objects as distinct from one another. The higher the resolution, the greater detail that can be seen.
Light Microscope
Magnification: x1500
Resolution: 200nm
Transmission Electron Microscope:
Magnification: x500,000
Resolution: 0.1nm
Scanning Electron Microscope:
Magnification: x100,000
Resolution: 0.1nm
Resolution: The ability to distinguish two objects as distinct from one another. The higher the resolution, the greater detail that can be seen.
Light Microscope
Magnification: x1500
Resolution: 200nm
Transmission Electron Microscope:
Magnification: x500,000
Resolution: 0.1nm
Scanning Electron Microscope:
Magnification: x100,000
Resolution: 0.1nm
Friday 15 March 2013
Tuesday 12 March 2013
Specification: 1.1.3 Cell Division, Cell Diversity and Cellular Organisation
- state that mitosis occupies only a small percentage of the cell cycle and that the remaining
percentage includes the copying and checking of genetic information;
- describe, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the main stages of mitosis:
- behaviour of the chromosomes
- nuclear envelope
- cell membrane
- centrioles
- explain the meaning of the term homologous pair of chromosomes
- explain the significance of mitosis for growth, repair and asexual reproduction in plants and
animals
- outline, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, the process of cell division by budding in yeast
- state that cells produced as a result of meiosis are not genetically identical (details of
meiosis are not required)
- define the term stem cell
- define the term differentiation, with reference to the production of erythrocytes (red blood
cells) and neutrophils derived from stem cells in bone marrow, and the production of xylem
vessels and phloem sieve tubes from cambium
- describe and explain, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, how cells of multicellular
organisms are specialised for particular functions, with reference to:
- erythrocytes
- neutrophils
- epithelial cells
- sperm cells
- palisade cells
- root hair cells
- guard cells
- explain the meaning of the terms tissue, organ and organ system;
- explain, with the aid of diagrams and photographs, how cells are organised into tissues,
using squamous and ciliated epithelia, xylem and phloem as examples;
- discuss the importance of cooperation between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems
Specification: 1.1.2 Cell Membranes
- outline the roles of membranes within cells and at the surface of cells;
- state that plasma (cell surface) membranes are partially permeable barriers;
- describe, with the aid of diagrams, the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
- describe the roles of the components of the cell membrane;
- phospholipids
- cholesterol
- glycolipids
- proteins
- glycoproteins
- outline the effect of changing temperature on membrane structure and permeability;
- explain the term cell signaling;
- explain the role of membrane-bound receptors as sites where hormones and drugs can
bind;
- explain what is meant by:
- passive transport (diffusion and facilitated diffusion including the role of membrane proteins)
- active transport
- endocytosis
- exocytosis;
- explain what is meant by osmosis, in terms of water potential. (No calculations of water potential will be required);
- recognise and explain the effects that solutions of different water potentials can have upon plant and animal cells
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